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In August of 2017, Richard Carson Steuart completed the development of his all new "La Tromba" Clarino Trumpet, a hand made replica of the special "Clarino / Tromba da caccia" instrument that Johann Sebastian Bach's famous Solo Trumpeter, Johann Gottfried Reiche originally performed Bach's works on.

Mr. Steuart had named this, his sincere attempts at a truly historical research and deveopment endevor, the "Clarino- Project zu Leipzig" since it honored the 350th year of Reiche's birth!

Just as Johann Gottfried Reiche's original instrument, shown in the Haussmann's original Oil- Painting above, Steuart's La Tromba Music Productions "Prototype" Tromba da caccia has no valves, no keys, no slides, and certainly not "hinden" non-authentic intonation-holes of any kind!

The basic idea is to bring J.S. Bach's Solo-Trumpeter, Gottfried Reiche and his Clarino Trumpet as “Tromba da caccia” Instrument back into focus and deservedly "re-discover" the authentic musical application and playing technique (including hand refelection) that allowed him to be able to applly a full cromatic / "well-tempered" playing technique to the virtuoso works of Johann Sebastian Bach that were infact written and rewritten specifically for Gottfried Reiche from 1722 to his sudden death in 1734!

As my Sopran for the Bach works and Duo Partner the Scarlatti Cantata I have asked the lovely and sensitive German Soprano Carmen Fuggiss to be involved in this project. (Please schroll down to find her Biography and her photo in Concert with me in the St. Burkhard Church, Wuerzburg, 2016)
I have a had the great pleasure of working together with Carmen for over thirty years now and these in various CD Recordings and Concerts (involving Orchestra, Piano, Organ, Cembalo and Guitar accompaniment) and have found her to be not only an excellent musician; capable of fine music making in a variety of Gendré, but at the same time to be both a truly inpirational musical personality and  a professionally realiable colleague.                                                                                                      

To support us with the costs for this Project, including the building of the 3 new Tromba da caccia (following the already existing La Tromba Music Productions - Prototype, developed over the past 5 years) I have applied for an "Arts Grant" from the Canadian Council for the Arts, under their special and generous  „Explore and Create: Research and Creation” Grant system. Although a grant has n been postponed due to the present "Covid" crisis
I am very hopefull that this support will be forthcoming and that it will include the funding for all aspects of this production including the four Soloists, Orchestral Musicians, the preparational Correpetion / Basso continuo personel, as well as the Sound and Film Technicians.

The Time Line for entire Production is as follows:
The production of the 3 NEW Tromba da caccia Intruments, including several interchangable bells and lead pipes, has already been completed!
These new instruments were bulit under my personal direction by the German Horn and Trumpet Maker Christohper Cornford of Darmstadt, Germany and closely followed the existing "La Tromba" Prototype but of course with specific intelligent and inovative "improvements", initiated by my interaction with Mr. Cornford!.

The originally planned mid-July of 2020 rehearsals could unfortunately not begin with the other two Tromba da caccia players.
Never the less, I decided to  personally finance the building of these new instruments and am at the moment looking for 3 gifted musicians to cooperate with in this new Tromba da Caccia "Trumpet Ensemble" Project and am very sure that the right musicains will soon gravitate towards me, to be invoolved in this on going La Tromba project in the next few months, dispite the present Covid Pandemic.
I am infact and to this end in the porcess of planning several new You Tubes with which to present these new instruments and to explain the very special playing technique in the coming months... yes before Christmas 2020!

The distribution, exhibition dissemination and promotion of this project shall in any event  involve Film and Sound recordings that shall be released as both a CD and documentional DVDs, posted on the Richard Carson Steuart You-Tube, Richard Carson Steuart Soundcloud and on La Tromba Music / Webites to be used by International Concert and Promotion Agencies to organise International Tours in the near future,... to amoung countries my own beloved Canada.

To this end I have asked several fine musicians to be involved, including the excellent and very experienced French Trumpet Player, Marc Ullrich. He has agreed to be my second Solo- Tromba da caccia player. I am very pleased to annouce he has agreed to be invovled in alll aspcets of this project!

Mr. Ullrich and the recently deceised and most famous Trumpeter and Music Historian Dr. Eward H. Tarr are just I am, completely convinced that this instrument was (certainly) not a Horn.
This too is the opinion of the German Music Historian Prof. Dr. Karl Dietrich Arnold Schering (1877-1941)(2), Editor of the Bach Year Book / Bach Jahrbuchs from 1904 to 1939 and author of the Article Zu Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst / Regarding Gottfried Reiche's Life and Art.
Schering reports that Horn playing, was not a part of “Stadtpfeiffer” duties at that time and continues that it was in fact prohibited by Mandated Law, for the Military Trumpet to be to played by any person or persons other than official “Hof Trumpeters”. He makes direct reference to that which was clearly stated in not one but two “Kurfürschliche Mandaten” / Electorial Mandates, namely the Madates “Against the Unauthrporised Playing of Trumpets and Beating of Miltitray Kettledrums” from 1661, by Chur Fürst Johann Georg and reinforced again in Dresden on the 23rd of July 1711 by his successor “August der Starke”, Elector to Saxonia and later King of Poland, in which he signs as Augustus Rex this specific “Prohibition”. It was therefore clearly forbidden in Saxonia for a common City Musician (even one as highly respected as Bach's Solo-Trumpeter, Gottfried Reiche) to play the Natural- (Military) Trumpet. Hense Reiche must have performed exclusively upon a so called Italian Trumpet or Coiled-Trumpet (also called a Tromba da caccia) and certainly not the protected “Fanfare”- Hof / Military Trumpet that many mistakenly believe he performed on.

Added to this, it is unimaginable for one to consider that Reiche would have ever allowed himself to be painted in an Officially Commssioned City Portrait with any other instrument than that with which he himself regarded most dearly, (although he was as Stadt Pfeiffer contractually required to perform on several instruments, including the Oboe, Cornetto and Violin) and most especially the one had made him quite famous in Leipzig over the previous 25 years of his work for the both the City and in diverse University and Rathhaus Concerts.

Reiche had aswell performed in Cantatas in the Nikolai and Thomas Churches on the Tromba da caccia und for 2 decades before J. S. Bach's arrival in Leipzig in 1723 under Bach's direct predessor, the former “Thomas Church Organist” and "Director Chori Musici Lipisiensis" / Musical Director of the City of Leipzig, Johann Kuhnau (1660-1722).
Kuhnau was from 1701 to his death in 1722 also University Music Director and successor to a further famous Leipzig Church Musician, Johann Schelle.
This means Gottfried Reiche was, through his associations with both Schelle and Kuhnau and in his duties as Stadt Pfeiffer, a very prominent and highly regarded musician long before Johann Sebastian Bach ever arrived in Leipzig.

Having been repeatedly relocated in a number of other locations over the past almost 3 centuries, this extraordinary painting hangs once again in the same building where, employed his entire professional career by the City of Leipzig- ultumately reaching the status of "Senior Stadtmusicus" (Senior Performing City Musician) in 1719, Reiche had performed his daily duties up to his sudden death in 1734.

In the painting he is holding a pure-silver and gold ornamented "Clarino" trumpet in “circular form”, (and please, rememeber it is certainly not a horn!) which for my way of thinking must be, yes, is obviously the true "Bach" trumpet on which he performed Bach's special works... what else can it be?!
In his left hand he is holding an „Abblas“ piece, (perhaps his own composition?,... very probably!) which he performed as his “Encore” (sign off/signature piece) at the end of his Tower music duties. A flashy "fanfare" which he very surely, regularily performed from the "Leipziger Rathhaus Turm", as a part of daily musical duties as Senior Stadt Pfeiffer of the City of Leipzig.

It has been postulated, that because this instrument was made of pure Silver and Gold it was therefore very rare and other wise extremely expensive. I suggest that the instrument could have been a personal gift from King August II to Reiche (for his 60th birthday?) or even from the "Stadt Elders" in high appreciation of “exceptional musical abilities" and/or his continued "loyal service to the Duke of Saxony and King of Poland!” (?)...hence the colours of my Cordel in the Picture of my Instrument at the end of the Home-Page.

Other theories as to the origin of this intrument come for example from the American Scholar and Trumpeter Don L. Smithers, who suggests that perhaps it is a much older instrument, made in the Nuremberg workshops of Johann Leonard Ehe I in the late 17th century or even by another famous Nuremberg instrument maker, Johann Carl Ködisch. Some think it was originally for the Moravian Court of the Markgrafen of Olmuetz, and was most specifically constructed for the use of the Court Composer and Senior Court Trumpeter, Pavel Josef Vejvanovky (1633-1693) the successor to H.I.F.Biber when he went to Salzburg. These postulations, in my opinion, do not "fit" the possible time line and have no real basis of fact, however who really knows!?!.
Further speculations suggest it was even much older instrument and that it was in fact Anton Schnitzer who had built this special trumpet in the late 16th / early 17th century, since Schnitzer had for certain created the most innovative instruments of his time, including the very famous "Pretzel Trumpet" for none other than Caesaré Bendinelli, composer, Trumpet Method author and principal trumpeter at both the Viennese court from 1567 to 1580 and there after at the Bavarian Court in Munich from 1580 until his death in 1617.

These ideas and speculations however interesting and colorfull in nature, are when not historically supported nor documented in any historical texts certainly possible and VERY interesting... atleast to me.

Some specific facts about the Tromba da caccia and it's use in Germany (Saxonia) in te 17th and 18th century are however very clearly documented.

I
Since the German musicologist Michael Praetorius mentions and even clearly illustrates the "Clarino Trumpet" (in Coiled form) in his work "Syntagma Musicum" published in Wolfenbüttel and Wittenberg in three parts between 1614-1620, this kind of Coiled Trumpet was well known and widely performed upon in Europe and this long before Reiche was even born.

II
We know that Reiche performed regularly on this special Clarino instrument in Leipzig.

III
We know too that Cantata 215 "Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen" was written by Johann Sebastian Bach specifically for Reiche to be performed by him on October 5th, 1734. which was the fateful night when he died of exhaustion (heart attack and/or a stroke?) on his way home, following the first performance of this Cantata! 

IV
We know too that the performance took place outside and directly in front of the Historical City Hall in Leipzig and under no less than Johann Sebastian Bach's personal musical direction.

V
We know as well that Reiche was most certainly the Solo Trumpeter for whom Johann Sebastian Bach had written not only this work but as well as all of his most challenging and difficult secular and religious compositions involving the Clarino dating from 1723 through to 1734, including the Christmas Oratorio, even though Reiche died before it was frist performed for the Christams festivities in December of 1734.

VI
There is also no doubt that a very special relationship between these two exceptional musicians began immediately after Bach's arrival in Leipzig in 1723, when Bach assumed the prestigious position of "Director Chori Musici Lipisiensis" (Musical Director of the City of Leipzig), a position he was to maintain until his death in 1750.

VII
We know too that Bach revised several of his previous Cantatas composed in Weimar (and even earlier) to accommodate and even feature Reiche's extraordinary abilities on the Tromba da caccia.

One last and important fact that we are sure of:
The very last musical statement of Reiche's life, as 1st Clarino in the final Coro: "Stifter Reiche, Beherrscher der Kronen" of Cantata 215, was a beautifully lyrical melody.
Here Reiche was allowed to "sing" with his "Clarino" above the whole ensemble.

Such lyrical, obligato parts were typically played on a Tromba da caccia, (circular trumpets in Coiled form) since these parts were necessarily required to be performed in perfect dynamic balance and with unfailing intonation and musical inflection, supporting and often enhancing the Soprano Voice part.

In an attempt to perfect it's construction and understand and revive the original playing technique of the  Coiled Trumpet /Tromba da caccia, I have been seriously researching, building and rebuilding my own version of the "Clarino" trumpet since 2015. I firmly believe that the special musical relationship between Reiche and Bach (although a total of only 11 years!) created the rare historical opportunity for the art of trumpet performance to develop above and beyond it's former limited role of loud and dramatic musical "sound and fury" on the Military Trumpet of that time. To go beyond the usual forceful military fanfare style of the time and to be suddenly set at the forefront of Bach's most sensitive and lyrically interactive musical expressions in both his Sacred Cantatas as well as his worldly works performed in Leipzig from 1723 was the goal of the development of this high art of Clarion playing as propigated by Gottfried Reiche and his colleagues.

Reiche quite obviously had perfected his special musical gifts and highly developed Tromba da caccia playing technique, even before Bach's arrival in Liepzig. However the combination of Bach's music for the trumpet and Reiche's special performaning abilities allowed the beginning of a new and much more lyrical musical role for the Natural Trumpet and this is especially evident in J. S. Bach's Choral Music involving the Tromba da caccia.

As my Soprano Voice Duo-Partner I have asked the lovely and very talented South German Soprano Carmen Fuggiss to be involved in this new project. I have had the great pleasure of working together with Carmen for over thirty years in a number of diverse CD Recordings and Concerts (involving Orchestra, Piano, Organ, Cembalo and even Guitar accompaniment) and have found her to be not only an excellent musician; capable of exceptional music making in a variety of Géndres, but also to be an extremely sensitive and at the same time truly realiable colleague, quite completely without "allures" and the "Diva" problematic so often associated with Singers at her very high level of "hard earned" and "broad spektrum" experince and true Artisic achievement!
She has indeed been a repeated "musical inspiration" to me and other colleagues in both Concerts and Recordings for more than 3 decades and I am delited to say she will continue be one for US ALL during this important new 2020 project!

Artisic Biography of  Carmen Fuggiss:
Ms. Fuggiss grew up in Freiburg, where at the age of 15 she sang in the choir of the Städtische Bühnen (City Theater).
She was active in radio recordings and solo appearances and worked with Anneliese Rothenberger at the ZDF (Second German Television Station) in 1983.
She studied at the music academies in Karlsruhe and Frankfurt in Germany, where Armand MacLane-Lanier her most influential teacher and thereafter at the Mozarteum Salzburg, Austria with Hanna Ludwig. Majoring in Singing, Piano and Opera.After completing her studies, she began her artistic career at Mainfranken Theater Würzburg and at the Nationaltheater Mannheim.
In 1993 she received an engagement at the State Opera in Hanover, where she has worked as a lyrical coloratura soprano with a focus on parts from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Richard Strauss. In addition, she distinguished herself in parts of the Italian subject. Her most important opera roles include Pamina (The Magic Flute), Susanna (The Marriage of Figaro), Constance (The Abduction from the Seraglio), Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Sophie (The Rosenkavalier), Zerbinetta (Ariadne on Naxos) ), Alban Bergs Lulu and Aribert Reimanns Melusine.
In numerous radio and television productions, Carmen Fuggiss has shown her versatility in various genres from the Middle- Ages to the modern and from Jazz and Soft Rock to Chanson.
Carmen Fuggiss has worked with among other Conductors Georg Solti, Michael Gielen, Kent Nagano, Fabio Luisi, Semjon Bytschkow, Lothar Zagrosek, Heinrich Schiff, Hubert Soudant and Ingo Metzmacher.

J. S. Bach's works are truly the ultimate challenge when playing the Tromba da caccia, and most especially in the Clarino range together with a very sensitve and light Soprano Voice Duo Partner as Carmen Fuggiss! (pictured here in a one of my "Motherday Concerts", performing of amoung other "High Baroque" Duo -Works, J.S. Bach's Kantate 51 "Jauchzet Gott in allen landen!" together with me).

This took Concert place in the St. Burkhard Church with Dr. Klaus Linsenmeyer of Hochberg / Wuerzburg as Positiv-Orgel accompanist.
Dr. Linsenmeyer is an accomplished Internationally acclaimed Concert Solist (a former student of Karl Richter) and was for 25 years my main accompanist for Organ and Trumpet Concerts. He graciously accompanied me "Pro Bono" on a Benifit Tour to Canada in 2016. We performed an number of concerts and I gave Free Lecture/ Master Clasess at two Universities and 5 Workshops at both Junior and Senior High Schools with all preceeds going to a diverse number of Charities for the support of special  and deadicated organisations that help Abused and Neglected Children, as well for other "Needy Persons" in my home Province of Saskatchewan.

It was following a series of my (very early) performance in 1970 of among other works “Let the Bright Seraphim” from Handel's Samson together with the internationally acclaimed Canadian Vocal Artist Maureen Forrester (1) then Chair Person of the Canadian Council for the Arts, and through an extenisve Tour to amoung other ciities London, England (as both Assitant Conductor and Soloist in amoung other work the Josef Haydn Concert in Eb and G.F. Haendel's Messiah in historical venues such the Westminster Abbey, that I when I returned to Canada I was engaged to recorded among other Baroque works for Solo Trumpet: the Purcell Sonata in D, Purcell's ( or rather what now is widely believed to be John Stanley's) “Trumpet Tune” and the famous Torelli “8G” Sonata (origanilly for Tromba and Strings). Stard repertoire granted but to record these at the tender age of 14 on the Modern D Trumpet with piano accompaniment for the CBC Radio, Regina. (Radio Producer: Rudi Blancher) was no easy taks for me since the high Trumpet (even the D trumpet) was new for me.

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Maureen Kathleen Stewart Forrester, CC, O.ON, OQ, opera and recital singer, teacher, arts administrator (born 25 July 1930 in Montreal, QC; died 16 June 2010 in Toronto, ON). Maureen Forrester was one of Canada’s greatest and best-known classical singers. She was renowned for her remarkable trumpet-like contralto and her deeply emotive musical interpretations. The only classical performer other than Glenn Gould to be inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame, she was admired greatly at home and abroad for her recitals, recordings and opera performances. She also served as chair of the Canada Council for the Arts, director of du Maurier Arts and chancellor of Wilfrid Laurier University.}

Still, and ever since then, I have been fascinated by the Baroque repertoire with voice and most especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and have since my relocation in 1978 to Europe recorded among other of Bach's works, his Second Brandenburg Concerto all be it on the Piccolo Trumpet due to the Modern Intrumental accompaniment.
This is an especially noteworthy recording which was done “Live” in the Historical Chapel of the Cadolzburg (Burg des Kadold) near Fuerth, Lower Franconia in which I also engaged to perform the (historical) Guiseppe Torelli "Sonata con Tromba" (Roger Etienne) on the vented Baroque Trumpet in Modern pitch during the the same programm. I always love a real challange, it brings the best out of me!
This special Historical Chapel was in itself very inspiring since it dates back to 1157 when the "Reeve of Kadolzburg", Helmericus de Kadoldesburc, agreed on a territorial exchange between the Diosise of Wuerzburg and the Abbey of Heilbronn.
The Castle was in turn (in the year 1397) given, together with “all the land under the mountains" (“... untergebirgisch”), including the residence of Cadolzburg, to Fredrick VI who 20 years later received the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the added elivating title Elector of Brandenburg.

As Solo Trumpeter of the Bamberg Symphony (Originaly the German Prague Symphony Orchestra up to 1945) that Johann Nepomuck Hummel and even before him  W.A. Mozart had performed with)  I also became co-leader and founder of the Large German Brass Ensemble (beginning in the fall of 1979) with which I recorded an all J. S. Bach CD in 1985 (EMI-Electrola: “Bach 300”) together with the original Core Quintet Enrique Crespo (Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchetra), Wolfgang Gaag (Munich Philharmonic) Konradin Groth (Berlin Philharmonic) and Walter Hilger (Hamburg Opera Orchestra). All of the works on this CD were masterfully arranged by Enrique Crespo and performed by a large (10 member) Brass Ensemble which was expanded and involved the leading Brass Soloists from the top German Symphonic Orchestras of that time (including members of the Berlin Philharmonic, Bavarian Radio, Hamburg Radio and Opera Orchestras, Stuttgart Radio and the Bamberg Symphony Orchestras, respectively) and was recorded exclusively on modern Orchestral instruments.

A brief aside, if I may:
_{Leading my own Munich Brass Ensemble (formed in 1983) I was very fortuate to have pefromed at yet a even higher level than even that with the Germann Brass, giving special Concerts on a National and even International level, often without ever having to leave Germany itself: for example for the International Porsche Club in Wuerzburg, the European Heart Surgeons Conference and even for the 18th G7(actucally G8) Conference which took place in 1992 in Munich with  the Russian President, Boris Yeltsin as "Guest" Head of the Russian State at the Conference with for the first time after the fall of the Iron Curtin and Berlin Wall.
He attended together with the seven Heads of State: George W. H. Busch, Brian Mulroney, John Majors, Francois Mitterran, Helmuth Kohl, Juliano Amato and Kiichi Miyazawa (with Jacques Delors as European Commission President also in attendance).
We perfomed pieces specially arranged or newly written (with added cerimonial fanfares) for each of the attending heads of State including Strike Up The Band from George Gerwin which brough President George H.W. Busch into a strut ste as he came down the Red Carpet and the Introduction to the 4th Symphony of P. I. Tchaikovsky form a HIGH TOWER as a Fanfare for Boris Yeltsin when he first arrived at the Resindenz in Munich moving in his in his usual joyously colourful and this time dramatic fashion. I remebred back to fact Cesare Bendinelli had performed there wher we stood from1580 to 1625 as the King of Bavaria's Head Trumpeter and Diplomat for such festivities in his time!
Mr. Majors togther with his whole troup stood at attention, saluted  and loudly sang 4 verses of "Land of hope and Glory" with us and Preisdent Miyazawa (宮澤 喜) even took the time to personally come to me, only to shank my hand and thank me in English, saying "Thank you, thank you for playing a Japanese Song for me!" He confieded in me that he felt "much more at home and comfortable" because of us and esepcially enjoyed the piece "Yaki Bushi" which he recognised and knew very well.
Such experinces are special of course and quite unforgetable and remind me once again of the true power of music as a Language of "Soft" DIPLOMACY!.}

Having privately studied the “vented” Baroque Trumpet beginning in the second half of the 1980's I applied for a Canada Council Advanced Studies Grant and took private Master Class lessons in London (from Michael Laird), Linz (from Friedemann Immer) and Basel (from Edward H.Tarr) and in fulfillment of that Study Grant I recorded my first “Historical Trumpet” Solo CD in 1988/89 simply entitled “La Tromba”, on which I performed works for both Modern and Baroque Trumpet while conducting all of the Ensembles and full Orchestras involved. Works that are most notable with respect to my pervious work on the Baroque trumpet are: Giovnanni Bonaventura Viviani's “Sonata per Tromba Solo” with Orgen Accomp.; G.F.Handel's “Let the Bright Seraphim” from Samson with Soprano and Organ Accomp.; Arcangelo Corelli's “Sonata per Tromba e due Violino e B. c. in D Dur with only 2 violins, a Cello and Cembalo Accomp. Leopold Mozart's “Konzert für Trompete und Orchestra” in D Dur I recorded with full 25 member Baroque Chamber Orchestra accompaniment.

Since then and especially since 2015 I have been concentrating not only on the construction of my own Tromba da caccia, built after Haussmann's Painting of Gottfired Reiche from 1726 but also have added my considerations to the “construction plans” that I had purchased from the “Germanische National Museum” in Nueremburg in the early 1980s.
These construction plans depict a “Jäger Trumpet” attributed to the workshop of Balthasar Fuerst from 1770 and even though these specific construction plans (unsigned but probably done by Robert Barkley in 1977/78) are admittedly of an Intrument built more than 50 years later than that held by Reiche in Haussmann's Portriat, all possible first hand historical information as to the proper construction of such an instrument is I believe necessary.
As too, was my special opportunity to look closely at and even briefly perform on an excellent replica of a Tromba da caccia which was brought to me directly out of the Grazzi (Leipziger University) Museum for me to present at my Concert-Lecture in the “Historical Rathaus” which took place on the 18^th of November 2017.
Please see a portion of this LIVE lecture concert on YouTube: Richard Carson Steuart - Clarino Projekt zu Leipzig Part 1

Although this Instrument came directly to me out of one of the museum's Glass Display-Cases and was infact built in Markt Neukirchen for the Leipzig Museum in 1957 as a copy of a no longer existing Historical instrument made in the Pfeiffer workshop in 1697, I was able to play it without any preparation usins Hand reflection. Infact it allowed remarkable response and excellent intonation when I completely spontaneously performed on it that afternoon. The major differences between this special replica and various other instruments made in Germany at the time of Reiche and Bach, are most notably it's very small (modern horn-sized) mouthpiece “shank” and corresponding mouthpiece with respective (extremely) small throat bore (ca, 3,00 mm), and large flat “Trumpet like” cup shape and it's conical lead-pipe, extending well into the main bore of the instrument.
This does not mean it should be confused with a “Horn” of any kind, since the Bell size and shape and mouthpiece cup shape are typically “Trumpet like”. It's construction rather is almost as if it were to be desribed as quite “Modern” in form.
It should be noted that Modern piston-valve trumpets have very similar conical Lead-pipes and Bell shapes as this Pfeiffer model and variation of a Tromba da caccia. This which allows it to be played in the higher over tone range, that is easily up to C'' and beyond by some specialists.
And this is exactly what Reiche and many of his colleagues at that time was required to do: play accurately and securely up into 19^th and 20th and even, in the famous 2^nd Brandenburg Concerto, up to the 21 and 22 Overtone / Partial on an instrument completely without valves or slides or holes or keys of any kind... a truly “Natural” Trumpet. But how was this possible?

From the numerous writings by Historical Music Scholars on the subject of the Tromba da caccia and it's musical application before and during the time of J. S. Bach, I have build my Thesis and in fact my Instrument itself and on the most probable use by Gottfried Reiche of the Tromba da caccia (coiled trumpet) as his main High Brass Instrument using hand reflection. Astute observations and writings have been made by both the German Musicologist Karl Dietrich Arnold Schering (2) (1877-1941) in his work; “ Zu Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst” and the American Trumpeter and Music Historian Don Leroy Smithers (*1933) in his most revealing work; ”Gottfried Reiches Ansehen und sein Einfluß auf die Musik Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben und Werk” (Bach-Jahrbuch 73, 113–150, 1987 ) about the Baroque Trumpet and it's influence and importance in earlier Musical Eras.

To these most important observation and developments I suggest a return to the contribution that Reiche's early use (perhaps even first application therefore his “research and creation”?) of what was much later applied and highly documented as a “Hand- Stopping” technique for the “Wald” Horn and the curved Straight Trumpet of the Early Classical period. This Hand Refection technique and his other wise exceptional performing abilities was I believe his greatest contribution to the ART of Trumpet performance at that time. This technique was used by orchestral Trumpeters and Horn Soloists of the Early Classical and Romantic musical Eras to both phrase, articulate and most importantly perfectly “intonate” the demanding music written for their instruments by Mozart and even Beethoven and this for their respective Orchestral and Solo works from the end of the 18^th and well in to the the 19^th Century.
The Clarino Trumpet is an extremely "dangerous" intrument to perform on at the best of times, because, like any natural resonating instrument it is difficult to "control" in the high register, (especially without any intonation holes nor slides nor keys of any kind, just as the Tromba da caccia” was originally played) and both excellent ear training and an advanced emboucher and breathing development were and still are absolutely necessary to perform consistently on this extremely sensitive instrument.
Added to this and most importantly, a deeper understanding and application of the both Tounge Positioning techniques (so called “Lipping“ or in German “Treiben and Fallenlassen” of tones to improve intonation) and the Hand- Reflextion technique that I propose cannot be circumvented if, in my opinion, one wishes to master this difficult instrument and to authentically perform Bach's demanding works on it successfully!

Since there are neither hand-written technical descriptions, printed method books, nor any historical performance explanations as to how this Tromba da caccia instrument was originally played, I firmly believe, after working on this project for almost five years, that only through very methodical study, together with 2 and more Tromba da caccia playing Colleagues, will I be able able to perform the works of J. S. Bach using both the “hand- reflection” (quasi stopping) and other original historical playing techniques and through this further practical study eventually be able to share the superlative musical qualities of this special instrument and it's technical playing knowledge, with the modern music world!

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Karl Dietrich Arnold Schering (born April 2, 1877 in Breslau, † March 7, 1941 in Berlin) was a German musicologist and music critic. Schering grew up in Dresden as the son of the art publisher Garl Gustav Schering, who took over the art publisher Gustav Lohse there. He first attended the Dresden high school, learned to play the violin with Henri Petri and received music theory lessons. After graduating from high school in 1896 at the Kreuzgymnasium, he studied violin with Joseph Joachim at the Royal University of Music and composition with Reinhold Succo. From 1898 to 1902 he studied musicology with Oskar Fleischer and Carl Stumpf as well as literary history and philosophy u. a. with Wilhelm Dilthey at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin. In 1900 he moved to Adolf Sandberger in Munich and then to Hermann Kretzschmar in Leipzig. 1900/01 he performed as a one-year volunteer military service in an infantry regiment. In 1902 he received his doctoral thesis on the history of the instrumental (violin) concerto up to A. Vivaldi. [1] In 1907 he habilitated at the University of Leipzig with the writing The Beginnings of the Oratorio, which he published in 1911 in an expanded form under the title History of the Oratorio. He then became a private lecturer in the history and aesthetics of music at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Leipzig (from 1908) and a lecturer in music history at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Leipzig (from 1909) then for the signals for the musical world. He also became a member of the International Music Society. From 1903 to 1905 he was the editor of the New Magazine for Music. He was a committee member of the New Bach Society in Leipzig and from 1904 to 1939 editor of the Bach Yearbook. In 1927 Schering became Chairman of the Handelgesellschaft and Chairman of the Commission for Monuments of German Tonkunst. He also headed the Collegia musica in Leipzig, Halle and Berlin. In 1927 he was made an honorary member of the Russian Imperial Institute for Art History in Leningrad. From 1928 he taught as a full professor of musicology (thus also the successor of Hermann Abert) and director of the music history seminar at the University of Berlin. His academic students included a. Adam Adrio, Helmut Banning, Helmut Boese, Wolfgang Boetticher, Siegfried Borris, Ernesto Epstein, Wilibald Gurlitt, Anneliese Landau, Helmuth Osthoff, Richard Petzoldt, Eberhard Rebling, Otto Riemer, Brigitte Schiffer, Hans Schnoor, Walter Serauky and Hellmuth Christian Wolff.}

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Don Leroy Smithers (born February 17, 1933 in New York City) is an American music historian and interpreter on natural trumpet and zinc, pioneer in reviving the game on the historically true natural trumpet. After studying at the Universities of Hofstra, New York and Columbia, Don Smithers received his doctorate in music history in Oxford in 1967, then became an associate professor at Syracuse University and in 1975 lecturer in music history and historical performance practice at the Royal Conservatory, The Hague, The Netherlands. As a music historian, Don Smithers has done pioneering research on the baroque trumpet, its social and historical context, and its allegorical aspect, and has published numerous articles and books. He is particularly interested in the works of J.S. Bach and the parts for brass instruments they contain. Don Smithers played a key role in reviving historically based playing techniques on authentic instruments and mouthpieces.Smithers has also contributed to the rediscovery of numerous important forgotten works, including complete music from the archives of the episcopal residence in Kroměříž (Czech Republic), which contains important works by Beaver, Schmelzer and Vejvanovský for trumpet. In 1968, Smithers set up a copy of the entire microfilm collection at Syracuse University. More recently Smithers was responsible for the film adaptation of all the manuscripts of the Schlossarchiv Sondershausen, including a large part of Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel's surviving cantatas. After early recordings with ensembles such as New York Pro Musica, Musica Reservata, and Early Music Studio, Smithers began solo recording on the trumpet and prong with ensembles from England, Italy, and Germany. He made numerous solo recordings and was on the first complete recording of the cantatas J.S. Bach played on original instruments under Gustav Leonhardt and Nikolaus Harnoncourt.}

The tutti rehearsals with recording shall begin on the 12 of October in St. Burkhard Church in Wuerzburg and continue to the 15 of October.
The Concert is to take place on the 17th in St. Burkhard Church in Wuerzburg.

Artists invovled in the Clarino / Tromba da caccia Project 2020 include:

Marc Ullrich: Tromba da caccia.
Mr. Ullrich began studying the trumpet with René Christ, a professor in the Mulhouse Conservatory, his home town in Alsace. Awarded the "Prix d'Excellence" in 1969, he continued his studies in the Conservartoire Régional de Versailles in the class of Roger Delmotte, Solo Trumpeter in the Paris Opera. Receiving the "Premier Prix" in 1970, he joined the class of Maurice André's at the Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique de Paris. In 1971 he became Principal Trumpeter of theOrchestre symphonique de Mulhouse: part of the Opéra du Rhin (Mulhouse, Colmar and Strasbourg).
For almost fourty years he has played the entire Baroque repertoire for one or more trumpets and strings on Modern Trumpet with this ensemble and also recorded this music in France. (Arion, Lyrinx).
In 1977 he was appointed Solo Trumpeter of the Radiosinfonieorchester Basel and in 1982 he began to study Baroque trumpet with Prof. Edward H. Tarr at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis. Soon thereafter he particpated in many concerts together with Dr. Tarr as both soloist or ensemble member throughout Europe, and participated in diverse recordings. (Archive, Erato, Nonesuch, etc.). He was also Edward H. Tarr's teaching assistant in the Schola Cantorum in Basel.
In 2019 he retired from Orchestral work after 42 years of service.
Marc Ullrich has aswell played numerous concerts , recorded by Naxos in the series "The Art of the Baroque Trumpet".
I have worked with Marc since 1982 and recorded several CDs and performed numerous Concerts with him as both his duo partners on Baroque and Modern trumpet as well as under my Musical direction of the Deutsche Kammer Solisten (German Chamber Soloists) Chamber Orchestra. He has since 1999, been a regular performing and recording member of my Fürstbischöfliches Bläser Consortium (Prince Bischop of Wuerzburgs Wind Ensemble).

Mr. Ullrich is a co-founder of various chamber ensembles, including the “Baroque” Chamber Orchestra "La Follia" and the “International Brass Virtuosi” Brass Ensemble lead by me and with which he was awarded a Prize in 1986 at the Narbonne International Brass Ensemble Competition from a Jury headed by Maurice André.
In 1999 he toured throughout Europe with the Monteverdi Choir, accompanied by the English Baroque Soloists, under John Elliot Gardiner, as part of the J.S. Bach Pilgrimage, performing exclusively on the “Vented” Baroque Trumpet with amoung other Co Baroque Trumpeters Niklas Eklund. Particularly noteworthy are the Live recordings of all concerts at Archiv, including the live recording (DVD) of the Christmas Oratorio in the Herderkirche in Weimar in 1999 performed on the “Vented” (three holed) Baroque Trumpet.

I asked Marc to write something about our past cooperation and he wrote:
I, Marc Ullrich,was asked by Mr. Steuart to write a very short summary of my Professional musical cooperation(s) with him over the past 40 years, a most pleasurable request, that I herewith gladly fulfill.
I first met Mr. Steuart during the German International Classical Trumpet (ARD Radio and Television) Competition in September of 1980 of which he was the winner where we be came instant friends. When I met him again in 1981 when he played in a Concert in Basel as, once again the winner of this second most famous Classical Trumpet Competion; the Geneve (Swiss International Radio and Televison Solo Trumpet Competition) he invited me to perform with him as his Duo Partner in Germany.

Our first Concerts were “Gala Concerts” in the Historical “Hercules Saal” in the Munich Residenz performing Baroque works for two Modern Trumpets: Vivaldi, Biber, Mannfredini, etc., together with Munich Chamber Orchestra conducted by Hans Stadelmaier. In 1985 he formed the International Brass Virtuosi (Brass Qunitett) and invited me to be his Trumpet "Co-leader" for both Concerts and CD recordings.With this ensemble we won the International Brass Quintett Competion in Narbonne, France in 1986 with my former teacher Marice André as the Jury Chairman.

Over the past 40 years he has repeatedly invited me to perform and record with him in various Ensemble Projects that he has initiated and lead from Large Trumpet Ensembles and Modern Brass Quintetts perfoming on Modern Instruments to various forms of Chamber Music on both Period (Historical) and Modern instruments. We also performed several Concerts with Organ and Chamber Orchestral accompaniment.In 2015 I performed in an extended series Solo Concert Series as Mr. Steuart Duo Partner commemorating his 50 Years of Professional Musical Performance.
During the entire time I have known Mr. Steuart has repeatedly amazed me with his high level of most serious and professional musical leadership as well as his exceptional organisational abilities. He has at the same time continually inspired me by his exceptionally intensive, musical creativity. He has recently visited me here in France and presented to me his exciting prototype "Tromba da caccia", Coiled Trumpet Intrument, which I believe is a truly excellent replica of the original Tromba da caccia pictured in the famous Oil- Portrait of Gottfried Reiche. Mr. Steuart very convincingly demonstrated to me his re-discovered historical playing technique on his instrument using amoung other techniques, his rediscovered "hand-refection" technique.
I am therefore most pleased that he has once again invited me to be involved with this, Clarino / Natural Trumpet / Tromba da caccia Project,which I firmly believe promises to be a very important international contribution to Historical Trumpet Research and Performance.

As Concert- Master and String Specialist, I have asked Professor Doctor Pauline Nobes of London, England to lead the Baroque String Ensemble for this project that she will organise herself to this end.

Prof. Dr. Pauline Nobes, Baroque violin, Leader:

Pauline Nobes is recognised as one of Europe’s foremost specialists in historical performance practice. She has recorded and performed extensively with ensembles such as The English Baroque Soloists, The English Concert and as leader for The Academy of Ancient Music, Kölner Akademie and Musica Antiqua Köln.Pauline guest leads Das Neue Orchester and opera orchestras including Frankfurt and Madrid.
Her passion for teaching continues as Professor for Baroque violinat the Musikhochschule Würzburg (Germany) and at the Royal Northern College of Music. She was recently awarded the position of Extraordinary Professor at Stellenbosch University (South Africa).
Pauline’s Ph. D. research focused on the unaccompanied solo violin repertory before 1750.
Her on going research reveals ‘Musick’ in Manchester from 1744/45.
Pauline Nobes musical life began as a brass player: these beginnings are not forgotten: she recorded the solo trumpet role in Beethoven's Leonore with Sir John Eliot Gardiner‘s Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique after concerts in Salzburg and New York.
I asked Pauline to write something about our past cooperation and she wrote:
"My name is Pauline Nobes and I am head of the Baroque Faculty of Music at the Hochschule für Musik (University of Music) in Wuerzburg, Germany. I have as well taught for over 2 decades at among other Musical Institutions the Royal Northern College of Music, in Manchester, England.
I have known Mr. Steuart since 2005 when I first came to the University here in Germany as Baroque Violin teacher. I have found him to be a amiable and conscientious colleague. We have taught and performed together in various projects both within and outside of the University here during this time I have also heard Mr. Steuart in diverse Solo Concerts when he has performed in on both Modern and Historical Instruments. I have seen portions of his brilliant Lecture - Recording in Leipzig in November of 2017, presenting and demonstrating his new Tromba da caccia replica construction and was personally present at his fascinating lecture here at the University in January of 2018* in which he defended his Thesis of the “Hand Reflection” as a technique used on the Tromba da caccia.
I am therefore very pleased to be invited by him to be involved as both Concert Master and String Ensemble Leader for his Clarino / Tromba da caccia Project, which I firmly believe to be very important to the furthering of Historical Trumpet Research and Performance most especially for the works of Johann Sebastian Bach."

*
Reference to:“Gesprächskonzert” January, 2018: University of Music Wuerzburg

J. S. Bach und Johann Gottfried Reiche
„Vom Wunder der musikalischen Natur”
– das Clarino des Johann Gottfried Reiche

Richard Carson Steuart, Tromba da caccia
Helmut M. Timpelan (Musikforscher), Cembalo

As my Sopran and as my Duo Partner for the Scarlatti Cantata, I have asked the lovely German Soprano Carmen Fuggiss to be involved in this project.
A short Biography of Carmen Fuggiss:
Ms. Fuggiss grew up in Freiburg, where at the age of 15 she sang in the choir of the Städtische Bühnen (City Theater). She was active in radio recordings and solo appearances and worked with Anneliese Rothenberger at the ZDF (Second German Television) in 1983.
She studied at the music academies in Karlsruhe and Frankfurt in Germany, where Armand MacLane-Lanier her most influential teacher and thereafter at the Mozarteum Salzburg, Austria with Hanna Ludwig. Majoring in Singing, Piano and Opera.After completing her studies, she began her artistic career at Mainfranken Theater Würzburg and at the Nationaltheater Mannheim.
In 1993 she received an engagement at the State Opera in Hanover, where she has worked as a lyrical coloratura soprano with a focus on parts from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Richard Strauss. In addition, she distinguished herself in parts of the Italian subject. Her most important opera roles include Pamina (The Magic Flute), Susanna (The Marriage of Figaro), Constance (The Abduction from the Seraglio), Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Sophie (The Rosenkavalier), Zerbinetta (Ariadne on Naxos) ), Alban Bergs Lulu and Aribert Reimanns Melusine.
In numerous radio and television productions, Carmen Fuggiss has shown her versatility in various genres from the Middle Ages to the modern, from Jazz to Chansons.

Carmen Fuggiss has worked with among other Conductors Georg Solti, Michael Gielen, Kent Nagano, Fabio Luisi, Semjon Bytschkow, Lothar Zagrosek, Heinrich Schiff, Hubert Soudant and Ingo Metzmacher.


I too have been fortunate in having received acceptance of my invitaion by two excellent Male singers for thsi Project: namley Kenneth Beal and Sven Fürst, both of whom I have very successfully work in the past.

Kenneth Beal was born in Canada. He finished his Education at the University of Western Ontario (B.Mus. and B.Ed.) and the University of Toronto (Master of Music and a Diploma in Opera Performance).His Vocal performing ranges from Opera to Oratorio and Art Song. Very soon after his Graduation, he made his first Recording for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). He was also a Finalist in the CBC National Music Competition.

Kenneth was engaged with the L'Atelier lyrique de L'Opéra de Montréal where he sang such Roles as Rodolfo in Puccini's La Boheme, Ferrando in Mozart's Cosi fan tutte , Don Ramiro in Rossini's La Cenerentola, Edgardo in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor and also Nemorino in L'Elisir d'amore.He performed in numerous Oratorios such as Rossini's Stabat Mater, Bach's St. John's Passion and St. Mathew's Passion, Haydn's Die Schöpfung , Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Handel's The Messiah.

His European Debut came at the 'Rossini Festival' with the Frankfurt Kammeroper where he sang the Role of Dorvil from the Opera La Scala di Seta. In the same year he signed a permanent Contract with the Mainfranken Theater Wuerzburg where he is still working today.

In Wuerzburg, as well as in many other larger Theaters in Germany, Kenneth has sung such Roles as, Camille de Rossillon from Lehar's The Merry Wives of Winsor, Belmonte in Mozart's Enführung aus dem Serail and Faust from Gounod's Faust.
Since 1999 Kenneth has as well held the Position of Voice Teacher at the University of Wuerzburg.

Sven Fürst, Bass:
Sven Fürst studied in the singing class of Prof. Monika Bürgener at the University of Music / Würzburg and completed the advanced training class with honors in 2002. He visited the Master Classes of Prof. Ingeborg Hallstein and Prof. Helmut Deutsch, participating in various CD productions and radio recordings. Sven Fürst is the First Prize Winner of the 1999 Armin Knab competition, winner of the “Debut in Meran” competition in 2005, was scholarship holder of the Richard Wagner Society in 2000 and is a regular Jury Member of the National German Student Competition (“Jugend musiziert” ).
Sven Fürst maintains extensive concert activity in Germany with a repertoire that includes Oratorial works from Early Baroque to Modern, works with orchestras such as the Nuremberg Symphony Orchestra, the Prague Philharmonic Orchestra or the Baden-Baden Symphony Orchestra, aswell as with the Würzburg Oratorio Choir and the Würzburg Monteverdi Choir. Sven Fürst has been a guest at the theaters in Würzburg, Koblenz, Eisenach and Meiningen. As a member of the Junge Oper Köln he sang the father in "Hansel and Gretel", Papageno in the "Magic Flute" and Guglielmo in Mozart's "Cosi".
In 2010 he made his Switzerland debut at Theater St. Gallen in the production of Benjamin Switzerland's opera "Jakob von Gunten".
 

In August of 2017 I completed the initial constructural development of my Clarino / Tromba da caccia, a "replica" of the exact intrument that was performed upon by Johann Sebastian Bach's famous "Solo Trumpeter", Johann Gottfried Reiche. Since there are no existing original historical versions of this intruments from which to develope construction plans (other than Elias Gottlob Haussmann"s portrait itself) I decided to take the initiative and build the instrument once again, constructing it as close as possible to the intrument in the painting!
I was greatly inspired by both the mystery behind Elias Gottlob Haussmann"s portrait of Reiche and Bach's works, written specifically for Reiche, to be played specicially on his Clarino instrument.
The original instrument, shown in Hausmann's painting, has just my replica, has no valves, nor keys, nor slides, nor "intonation" holes of any kind! 

I have examined and personally tested several instruments from makers who too have in the past quite seriously attempted to construct such a Clarino instrument. Two of the best of these were both made in Leipzig and in Markt Neukirchen and both are infact on display in Leipzig: one in the Grazzi Museum and the other in the Old City Hall Museum of Leipzig even today. They are both from the excellent workshops of Syhre in Leipzig and Volgt in Markt Neukirchen.

Although Syhre of Leipzig and even the excellent Swiss histrocial instrument maker, Rainer Egger of Basel, Switzerland (not to forget mention Markus Rachet of Bamberg, who too built an excellent copy of a much later dated intrument, originally from Balthasar Fürst of Ellwangen - 1770,  on display in the German National Museum in Nuerberg) succeeded in building quite acceptable and playable instruments of this kind, it is in truth virtually impossible to reconstruct such a instrument without a direct interaction and cooperation with a truly experienced, virtuoso performer. One, who first and foremost clearly understands the instruments original playing technique.

Through building my own instrument and my personal and direct study, I has finally uncover what I believe to be the original technique of how Reiche, himself both a respected composer and a highly acclaimed virtuoso, was able to play Johann Sebastian Bach's demanding works on his mysterious and almost forgotten instrument!

The German Painter Elias Gottlob Haussmann (1695 – 1774) served as Court Painter at Dresden and from 1720 was the official Portraitist of the City State of Leipzig. He is best known for his commissioned portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach, painted in 1746. A full 20 years earlier Haussmann had been commissioned from the City “Elders” of Leipzig to paint the, by no means less famous „Senior Stadt Pfeiffer“ Gottfried Reiche, in which he is holding his special Coiled Trumpet. It is widely believed that this was to honour Reiche for his life's work for the City and this on the 60th Anniversary of his Birth. (An "official" Birthaday Present!)

It is in this Painting that the special story and historical mystery of the Tromba da caccia (Hunting Trumpet) is most visually told and which motivated me to ask the question:
Why is Bach's most famous Solo Trumpeter, Gottfried Reiche, holding such a strange instrument as this very special commemorative Portrait of himself? Why is he not holding the standard Natural “Fanfare” Trumpet that one would have expected him to play at that time in musical history. And if this is truly the instrument that he regularly performed on, why are the works of J. S. Bach not being plays on this quite obviously original and authentic “Coiled-Trumpet” today?

This instrument was certainly not a Horn according to the famous German Music Historian Prof. Dr. Karl Dietrich Arnold Schering (1877-1941)(2) Editor of the Bach Year Book / Bach Jahrbuchs from 1904 to 1939 and author of the Article Zu Gottfried Reiches Leben und Kunst / Regarding Gottfried Reiche's Life and Art.
Schering reports that Horn playing, was not a part of “Stadtpfeiffer” duties at that time and continues at that it was in fact prohibited by Mandated Law for the Military Trumpet to be to played by any person or persons other than official “Hof Trumpeters”. He makes direct reference to that which was clearly stated in not one but two “Kurfürschliche Mandaten” / Electorial Mandates, namely the Madates “Against the Unauthrporised Playing of Trumpets and Beating of Miltitray Kettledrums” from 1661, by Chur Fürst Johann Georg and reinforced again in Dresden on the 23^rd of July 1711 by his successor “August der Starke”, Elector to Saxonia and King of Poland, in which he signs as Augustus Rex this specific “Prohibition”.It was therefore clearly forbidden in Saxonia for a common City Musician (even one as highly respected as Bach's Solo-Trumpeter Gottfried Reiche) to play the Natural- (Military) Trumpet. Hense Reiche must have performed exclusively upon a so called Italian Trumpet or Coiled-Trumpet (also called a Tromba da caccia) and certainly not the protected “Fanfare”- Hof Trumpet.
 

Added to this, it is unimaginable for one to consider that Reiche would have ever allowed himself to be painted with any other instrument than that which he personally regarded most dearly (although he was as Stadt Pfeiffer contractually required to perform on several instruments, including the Oboe, Cornetto and Violin) and especially the one had made him most famous in Leipzig over the past 25 years of his work for the both the City and in diverse University and Rathhaus Concerts. But Reiche performed in Cantatas in both of the Nikolai and Thomas Churches together with both J. S. Bach starting 1723 and even more importantly for the 21 years before, with the former “Thomas Church Organist” and "Director Chori Musici Lipisiensis" / Musical Director of the City of Leipzig, Johann Kuhnau (1660-1722).
Kuhnau was as well University Music Director and the successor to a further famous Leipzig Church Musician, Johann Schelle and from 1701 to his death the direct predecessor to Johann Sebastian Bach. This means Gottfried Reiche was through his associations with both Schelle and Kuhnau and his duties as Stadt Pfeiffer a prominent and highly regarded musician long before Johann Sebastian Bach ever arrived in Leipzig.
Having been placed in a number of other locations over the past almost 3 centuries, this extraordinary painting hangs once again in the same building where, employed his entire professional career by the City of Leipzig- ultumately reaching the status of "Senior Stadtmusicus" (Senior Performing City Musician) in 1719,  Reiche performed his daily duties up to his sudden death in 1734.

In the painting Reiche is holding a pure-silver and gold ornamented "Clarin" trumpet in “circular form”, (and please, it is certainly not a horn!) which for my way of thinking must be, yes, is obviously the true "Bach" trumpet, ... what else can it be?! 
In his left hand he is holding an „Abblas“ piece, (perhaps his own composition?,... very probably!) which he performed as his “Encore” at the end of his Tower music duties. A flashy "signature fanfare" which he very surely performed from the "Leipziger Rathhaus Turm" as a part of daily musical duties as Senior Stadt Pfeiffer of the City of Leipzig.

It has been postulated, that because this instrument was made of pure Silver and Gold it was therefore very rare and other wise extremely expensive. I suggest that the instrument could have been a personal gift from King August II to Reiche (for his 60th birthday?) in high appreciation of “exceptional musical abilities and continued loyal service to the Duke of Saxony and King of Poland!”? 

Other theories as to the origin of this intrument come for example from the American Scholar and Trumpeter Don L. Smithers, who suggests that perhaps it is a much older instrument, made in the Nuremberg workshops of Johann Leonard Ehe I in the late 17th century or even by another famous Nuremberg instrument maker, Johann Carl Ködisch. Some think it was originally for the Moravian Court of the Markgrafen of Olmuetz, and was most specifically constructed for the use of the Court Composer and Senior Court Trumpeter, Pavel Josef Vejvanovky (1633-1693). These postulations, in my opinion, do not "fit" the possible time line and have nop real basis of fact.

Further speculations suggest it was even much older instrument and that it was in fact Anton Schnitzer who had built this special trumpet in the late 16th / early 17th century, since Schnitzer had created the most innovative instruments of his time, including the very famous "Pretzel Trumpet" for none other than Caesare Bendinelli, composer, author and principal trumpeter at both the Viennese court from 1567 to 1580 and there after at the Bavarian Court in Munich from 1580 until his death in 1617.

These ideas and speculations however interesting and colorfull in nature, are not historically supported nor documented in any historical texts.

Some specific  facts about the Tromba da caccia and it's use in Germany (Saxonia) in te 17^th and 18^th century are however very clearly documented.

Since the German musicologist Michael Praetorius mentions and even clearly illustrates the "Clarino Trumpet" (in Coiled form) in his work "Syntagma Musicum" published in Wolfenbüttel and Wittenberg in three parts between 1614-1620, this kind of Coiled Trumpet was well known and widely performed upon in Europe and this long before Reiche was even born.

We know that Reiche performed regularly on this special Clarino instrument in Leipzig. We know too that Cantata 215 "Preise dein Glücke, gesegnetes Sachsen" was written by Johann Sebastian Bach specifically for Reiche to be performed by him on October 5th, 1734. which was the fateful night when he died of exhaustion (heart attack and/or a stroke?) on his way home, following the first performance of this Cantata!  We know too that the performance took place outside and directly in front of the Historical City Hall in Leipzig and under no less than Johann Sebastian Bach's personal musical direction.
We know as well that Reiche was most certainly the Solo Trumpeter for whom Johann Sebastian Bach had written not only this work but as well as all of his most challenging and difficult secular and religious compositions involving the Clarino dating from 1723 through to 1734, including the Christmas Oratorio. 

There is also no doubt that a very special relationship between these two exceptional musicians began immediately after Bach's arrival in Leipzig in 1723, when Bach assumed the prestigious position of "Director Chori Musici Lipisiensis" (Musical Director of the City of Leipzig), a position he was to maintain until his death in 1750.
Bach even revised several of his previous Cantatas composed in Weimar and even earlier to accommodate and even feature Reiche's extraordinary abilities on the Tromba da caccia.

One last and important fact that we are sure of: The very last musical statement of Reiche's life, as 1st Clarino in the final Coro: "Stifter Reiche, Beherrscher der Kronen" of Cantata 215, was a beautifully lyrical melody. Here Reiche was allowed to "sing" with his "Clarino" above the whole ensemble.
Such lyrical, obligato parts were typically played on a Tromba da caccia, (circular trumpets in Coiled form) since these parts were necessarily required to be performed in perfect balance, and with unfailing intonation and musical inflection, supporting and enhancing the soprano voice part.

In an attempt to perfect it's construction and understand and revive the original playing technique of the  Coiled Trumpet /Tromba da caccia, I have been seriously researching, building and rebuilding my own version of the "Clarino" trumpet since 2015. I firmly believe that the special musical relationship between Reiche and Bach (although a total of only 11 years!) created the rare historical opportunity for the art of trumpet performance to develop above and beyond it's former limited role of loud and dramatic musical "sound and fury" on the Military Trumpet of that time. To go beyond the usual forceful military fanfare style of the time and to be suddenly set at the forefront of Bach's most sensitive and lyrically interactive musical expressions in both his Sacred Cantatas as well as his worldly works performed in Leipzig from 1723 was the goal of the development of this high art of Clarion playing as propigated by Gottfried Reiche and his colleagues.

Reiche quite obviously had perfected his special musical gifts and highly developed Tromba da caccia playing technique, even before Bach's arrival in Liepzig. However the combination of Bach's music for the trumpet and Reiche's special performaning abilities allowed the beginning of a new and much more lyrical musical role for the Natural Trumpet and this is especially evident in J. S. Bach's Choral Music involving the Tromba da caccia. 
J. S. Bach's works are truly the ultimate challenge when playing the Tromba da caccia, especially in the Clarino range!

Richard Carson Steuart's Early Musical Studies and
Short Artisic Biography:
Born on January 31st, 1956 in Weyburn, Richard moved with his family to Regina in 1960. His first intensive musical instruction began in 1965, on his 9th birthday under the tutelage of his father, Kenneth Leslie Steuart, a SaskTel Telecommunications Engineer and a serious brass-playing hobby musician.
Richard performed his first public concert as Cornet Soloist in Rosemont United Church in Regina, in 1966 together with Ms. Edith Chisholm and this after only one year of any kind of musical studies.

At age 11, Richard undertook his first "Jazz" tour as featured "junior" Trumpet Soloist as a part of the 1967 Canadian National Centenary Concert Festivities. He was accompanied by a professional Big Band led by his first teacher, Dr. John Harding.Touring professionally with a Big Band (at age 11) playing simple Pop and Jazz Tunes as the "Kid-Soloist" in a Variety Show (Dancing Girls and all!) and later as a featured Classical Recording-Artist, performing virtuoso Baroque and Classical works (from age 11 to 14) for the CBC Radio and Television throughout Canada (1970 to 1976/1977), I developed a great deal of practical musical performance experience at very early age.

At age 12 he began to study the Piano, Clarinet, Oboe as well as Musical History, Theory and Harmony at the Conservatory of Music in Regina.

Richard was a repeated Class A-Open First Prize winner in the Regina and Saskatchewan Music festivals for the Cornet and Trumpet and was as well the Junior First Prize Winner (at age 11) of the Canadian National Music Festival in 1967.
Intensely involved in various musical groups in Regina and throughout Saskatchewan from the very beginning of his studies, he performed with the Salvation Army Brass, the Regina Police Boys and the Saskatchewan Youth Bands, the Regina Inter- Collegiate and Saskatchewan Youth Orchestras and the University of Saskatchewan Brass Quintet, Symphonic Concert and Jazz Big Bands.  Richard became a member of the Regina Symphony Orchestra 1969 at age 13, advancing to the Solo Trumpet position in the 1971/72 season. 
In 1970, at the age of 14, he accepted his first Trumpet Teaching- Assistantship under Dr. Mel Carey at the University of Saskatchewan, Regina Campus. Having previously studied Saxophone, Clarinet at the Regina Conservatory, he also found time to teach beginner Clarinet and Saxophone for the Regina City School District.From 1970 to 1975, he was Solo Trumpeter and featured Solist of both the National Youth Chamber and National Youth Symphony Orchestras of Canada performing extended Summer Concert tours in among other major Canadian cities: Vancouver, Toronto, Ottawa, Quebec and Montreal with these orchestras.
In 1976, at age 20 and already CBC Radio Soloist and Solo-trumpeter of Canadian Chamber Orchestra, he won both the First Prize at the Canadian National Music Festival in Toronto and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio and Television Classical Solo-Instrumental Competition - the "CBC Talent Festivalâ? and this for all Wind Instruments. There after he was accepted into the famous Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, USA receiving a full 4 year Scholarship. He was as well awarded the first of three consecutive international Study Grants (1976-1978) from the Arts Council of Canada, with which he subsequently studied in Chicago and New York with the foremost members of the Symphony and Opera Orchestras of those major American cultural centres.

Travelling to Europe in the summer of 1978 as Solo Trumpet of the World Youth Orchestra, he completed his studies first in London and then Munich and accepted on November 4th the Solo Trumpeter position in the German Opera in Düsseldorf.

In February of 1979 he accepted the position as Solo Trumpeter of the world touring, "Bamberg Symphonikerâ?. He is the co-founder of among several other high profile ensembles, the German Brass Ensemble (1979), the Munich Brass (1983) the European Baroque (1989) and the "Prince Bishop"s Wind Ensembleâ? (1999).

Richard competed for and won both the German- ARD (1980) and Swiss- SRF (1981) International Radio and Television Competitions for the Trumpet as Solo Instrument.

His musical accomplishments were officially honoured by the Bavarian State Ministry of Culture when they created a special position for him in 1983 at the Music Conservatory / State University of Music in Wuerzburg, Northern Bavaria where he continues to teach both Historical and Modern Trumpet and Chamber Music today.

Through performing thousands of live concerts, producing over 20 Solo and Ensemble CDs from Classic to Jazz for his own CD "La Tromba Music Productions" company alone, as well as recording with various top musical constellations as both Grand Opera and Symphonic Solo-Trumpeter, Solo Concert Soloist, Chamber Ensemble and "Soloist-Leader", Mr. Steuart"s Classical Music experience has over the 50 years of his musical career become truly extensive.

As featured Recording-Artist for the CBC, WDR, BR, SDR, ARD, SRF, Radio and Television stations as well for the RCA, BMG, EMI, MMO and Konstantin Film and Koch- International CD and Film Production companies and through his touring with well known groups ranging from English and German Pop and Rock to Brass and Symphonic Concert and Barss Bands, Brass Ensembles, Diverse Jazz Formations, Big Bands and Modern-Fusion-Music Groups as well as with Internationaly aclaimed Historical Music Ensembles, yes even for major European and Hollywood Films, Mr. Steuart's musical knowledge and experince has developed well over 50 years! He has in performmed in Germany with members of the Berlin Philharmonic, the Munich Philaharmonic, the Bavarian, Hessische, Baden-Würtenbürgisches Radio Orchestras in Freiburg, Baden Baden, Stuttgart, Klarls rühe and Saarbrücken the Collonge Radio Sympnony Orcjstzra (WDR) the Bamberg Symphony, the German Operas of Hamburg, Nürnberg, Düsselldorf, Essen, etc

Richard Carson Steuart engagements since 1982 as Guest Professor in major Music Conservatories and Universities internationally and his Concert touring in Germany, Russia, the Ukraine, the United States, Canada, China, Japan and throughout the whole of Europe, since 1967  has contributed to the high acclaim he continues to receive from both the general public and his peers alike. He is not only one of the foremost Classical Trumpeters of his generation but one of the world's most experienced, versatile and knowledgeable "Broad Spektrum Music" performers and teachers living today.